Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are increasingly in demand for energy storage and use in electric vehicles. Recycling of these end of life (EOL) batteries is considered one of the most effective ways for recovering elements such as lithium, manganese, cobalt, and nickel and circulating them back to the battery materials supply chain. However, few articles have been published in talking about the entire recycling chain starting from LiBs to the production of pCAM with CAPEX, OPEX and timeline estimate. This article summarizes the pre-treatment process of LiBs to Black Mass and compares subsequent hydrometallurgy processes to convert Black Mass to pCAM with high-level of CAPEX, OPEX and timeline. Besides, the critical paths of project implementation are presented.